There are different types of neurones that work together in a reflex action. This is an automatic and rapid response to a stimulus, which minimises any damage to the body from potentially harmful conditions, such as touching something sharp or hot. All reflex actions follow an overall sequence through the nervous system which is called the reflex arc. Crucially this does not involve the conscious part of the brain, which makes it much quicker.
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Reflexes allow your body to react in ways that help you to be safe, to stand upright, and to be active. Imagine a typical day. You might be thinking of practicing your sport or musical instrument, walking to school, or making a snack. In all of these actions, you are thinking, but at the same time, there are also reflexes that you are unaware of happening inside your body.
These reflexes are built naturally into the body, and they exist at birth and change as we grow older. Reflexes are kind of like safety features for survival that allow us to move in response to something in the environment. Reflexes can act to protect you in many ways, including removing your hand from a hot or sharp object, or ducking when a loud and sudden sound occurs. These fast actions are reflex responses! The fact that these responses are automatic shows that reflexes occur at a rate that is far too fast for the brain to be involved with the response.
Actions that occur without the involvement of the brain are called involuntary actions, while planned actions from the brain, like throwing a ball or strumming a guitar, are called voluntary actions. After the reflex action has happened, the brain does become aware and tells you what happened. At this point, the brain might even add to the action. For example, you might have ducked as an involuntary response to a very loud noise, but when the brain becomes involved you learn why you ducked down and the brain sends the voluntary action to respond—maybe to stand back up.
In order for reflexes to work, messages need to move around the body. These messages are action potentials , and they travel along the neurons and send messages, special parts of the neurons are involved.
The neuron has three different parts that allow signals to be sensed, to travel, and then move to another neuron or muscle. These three parts are called the dendrites, the axon, and the nerve ending Figure 1. The dendrites receive information from the sensor or other neurons. This information then moves to the axon, which travels to or from the spinal cord. The action potential travels from the nerve endings at one end of the neuron to the next neuron. Many reflexes start at the muscle or skin and go to the spinal cord.
When the action potential reaches the nerve ending, the signal is transferred to another neuron, such as an interneuron or motor neuron. The action potential then travels outside the spinal cord to a muscle. But the neurons do not touch each other in the spinal cord and do not touch at the muscle.
There are tiny spaces called synapses that the action potential must jump across. Doctors will perform a test to make sure reflexes are working properly because reflexes can change if you are sick and as you grow. Imagine you are sitting up on the exam table and the doctor taps you just below the knee with a rubber hammer. Hopefully, the doctor moved out of the way! The response to the tap of the rubber hammer is called a knee-jerk reflex, but scientists and doctors call it a monosynaptic reflex —the simplest reflex that occurs inside your body [ 2 ].
Monosynaptic is an important word because it describes how the reflex works. When broken into two parts, the word is easier to remember. That means, in the knee-jerk reflex, there is only one point where the message transfers between neurons, so it is monosynaptic. This monosynaptic reflex is called simple because it works through only four separate parts, whereas most reflexes work through five parts.
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