In Kulhwch , Arthur has a sword called Caledvwlch. The name is composed of two words, "calet" meaning hard and "bwlch" meaning notch Loomis also argues, "The origin of the name Calibor or Caliborc has long been known, and forms one of the most impressive arguments for the infiltration of Welsh and even Irish names into Arthurian romance," Loomis' argument can be best shown and supported in the following Celtic tales and their recognizable names, characters, and events.
He demands his sword from King Ailill. The king, "sends for it and presents it to Fergus, who greets it as 'Caladcolc'," Loomis In the Book of Leinster, a variation of the same story, the sword is called Caladbolg. This sword is said to have come from "faery palaces and to become as long as a rainbow when it is brandished," He does not realize this until he is in the middle of the battle. In The Death of Fergus Mac Leite , Fergus is mortally wounded and, "he implored the Ulstermen to give his sword to one who would be worthy of it," The sword of Fergus is from a magical place and has magical attributes, as does Excalibur.
He also gives a speech about the proper and worthy wielder of Excalibur as he lays dying The names Caladcolg and Caladbolg are very similar to Caledvwlch, which as previously discussed is the sword in The Mabinogion. This sword was also associated with battle prowess, as it is used to defeat the Ulstermen.
Arthur's sword is a symbol of battle prowess, as his victories and, "reputation on the battlefield helped make the sword legendary; it became seen as the sword of kings. The sword then became a more powerful symbol for his reign than any crown," Williams Excalibur has origins in Welsh stories as well. In a set of poems known as The Welsh Triads , the sword was mentioned by the name Caledfwlch, "Above all there was his magnificent sword — Caledfwlch , the 'Lightning Sword,' associated with the old Lightning Gods," Williams It belonged to Arthur, who was not called a king, but was a warrior with a great hall, a ship, many magical objects, and a wife named Gwenhwyfar.
Taliesin, a sixth century Welsh poet, wrote The Spoils of Annwfn In it, Arthur went on a mission to Annwfn in the otherworld to find a magic cauldron. On this trip he also found a, "flashing, deadly sword.
As legend progressed, this theme continued as Avalon became the most common forging place of Excalibur. As can be seen through similar names, events, and traits, Excalibur's origins clearly lie, at least partly in Celtic and Welsh legends. From these legends, the sword developed into its popular role as Arthur's sword. Over its evolution, Excalibur's tale picked up many commonalities usually repeated in each tale. Excalibur was given to Arthur through magical means, from Merlin or the Lady of the Lake.
It was not forged in this world. Sometimes it was the same as the sword in the stone, but more than often was not. If there was a sword in the stone, Arthur usually broke it and Merlin arranged for Arthur to have a magic one Lacy "Handbook" In the earlier stories, Excalibur did not solely belong to Arthur, in later stories it did. Merlin warned Arthur not to lose the scabbard because of its magical protective powers.
The scabbard was stolen by Morgaine or Morgan le Fay. In the end, before Arthur died, he told one of his knights, Bedivere or Girflet, to throw the sword back into the water.
This request was denied twice and then completed upon the third request. The Lady of the Lake took the sword back, and Arthur died This is the basic outline of Excalibur's story. However each author, Monmouth, Chretien, the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate authors, Malory, Tennyson, and Bradley, added his or her own events that have culminated in the sword's legend.
Geoffrey of Monmouth is credited for first including Arthur's sword in the legend Warren Called Caliburn, it was, "the best of swords that was forged in the Island of Avalon ," Brown "Bleeding" Caliburn was first mentioned as Arthur prepared for battle against the Saxons, "He girded on his peerless sword, called Caliburn," along with the shield Pridwen and lance Ron Monmouth During the battle, Arthur realized his side was losing.
Unwilling to suffer defeat, "He drew his sword Caliburn, called upon the name of the Blessed Virgin, and rushed forward at full speed into the thickest ranks of the enemy. Every man whom he struck, calling upon God as he did so, he killed in a single blow. He did not slacken his onslaught until he had dispatched four hundred and seventy men with his sword Caliburn," It was again mentioned in the fight against the Gauls. Arthur was fighting with Frollo and, "raised Caliburn in the air with all his strength and brought it down through Frollo's helmet and so on to his, which he cut into two halves," In the battle against the Romans and Emperor Lucius, Arthur again drew Caliburn and led his warriors to victory, "Arthur dashed straight at the enemy.
He flung them to the ground and cut them to pieces. Whoever came his way was either killed himself or had his horse killed underneath him at a single blow Their armor offered them no protection capable of preventing Caliburn, which wielded in the right of this mighty King, from forcing them to vomit forth their souls with their life blood," This sword was very symbolic of battle prowess, might, and Arthur's many victories.
It was only mentioned in Monmouth in connection to battles and war, "like the Irish marvelous swords, Caliburn was drawn at the crucial moment in battle, and always brought victory," Brown "Bleeding" As a military weapon, Caliburn was used to incite others to military prowess and was powerful symbol of power Warren While Chretien de Troyes does not mention Excalibur much, he is most noted for giving ownership of the sword to someone other than Arthur.
As his writings came relatively early in Arthurian literature, second only to Monmouth, this was not considered a tradition breaking move.
Gawain carried the sword, and it was, "the best sword that ever was, for it cut iron like wood," Loomis In the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate writings, the legend of Excalibur began to expand. While Excalibur was Arthur's sword, he gave it to Gawain when he was knighted in Merlin. In the prose Lancelot , Gawain lent Excalibur to Lancelot to use while defending Guinevere against the three barons of Carmelide.
Arthur asked Girflet to cast the sword into the lake in the end, who did so on the third request Williams In the Vulgate Merlin , Excalibur was the sword in the stone, "Escalibor begins In answer to the barons' prayers for a king after Uther dies, a sword lodged in an anvil appears in a stone And this was the sword that he had taken from the stone. And the letters that were written on the sword said that it had the name Escalibor.
And this is a Hebrew name that manes in French "cuts iron and steel and wood" and the letters tell the truth," Warren , In the Morte Artu , Excalibur was, for the first time in Arthurian legend, returned to the lake and its maker Williams Arthur pulled a sword from the stone, but broke it. Merlin arranged for him to get a better sword from the Lady of the Lake.
Malory wrote they rode to a lake, "And in the midst Arthur was ware of an arm clothed in white samite, that held a fair sword in that hand And this damosel will come to you anon; and then speak ye fair to her that she may give you that sword. Merlin told Arthur about the scabbard and its protective power.
He said the scabbard would keep the wearer from losing blood and Arthur should be careful not to lose it. Merlin even told Arthur the scabbard would be stolen by a woman he trusted, "But always he warned the King to keep well his sword and the scabbard, for he told him how the sword and the scabbard should be stolen by a woman from him, that he most trusted," Malory Arthur, however, did not take heed and Morgan le Fay stole the scabbard from his bedside.
She threw the scabbard into a lake, where it sunk to the bottom and could not longer be of use to Arthur, "She rode unto a lake thereby and said, 'Whatsoever come of me, my brother shall not have this scabbard. The custom required that a maiden had to fill a basin full of blood, so to heal the lady of the castle of leprosy. After a few day of travel they reached the castle of King Pellam. Pellam was holding a feast on Sunday.
Balin found out that Garlon the Red can become invisible at will, when he was armed. As Balin thought of his dilemma Garlon noticed Balin was not eating the food, as a guest should. Balin went from room to room to find another weapon. Balin entered one room where the Grail and the Bleeding Lance were kept. A voice warned him not to enter. Balin did not heed the voice since Pellam was pursuing closely behind Balin. A voice was heard throughout the castle that a great enchantment would fall upon Logres.
The Dolorous Stroke had not only wounded a king, but set off an earthquake and laying waste to the land. Pellam was seriously wounded and his wound would not heal until the Grail knight Galahad healed him twenty-two years later, at the end of the Grail quest. Many people were rendered unconscious, including Balin. Some of them died in terror of the voice. Merlin arrived two days later and found that the people outside of the castle were too frighten to enter the castle to see if anyone had survived.
Merlin went into the castle and found Balin lying there unconscious for two days. Merlin brought Balin out of the castle. Merlin showed the devastation of the three kingdoms that Balin had caused with that one stroke of the lance.
Balin had been warned several times by Merlin and other people that this would happened. Balin had heedlessly sought glory and fame as a knight, only to bring sorrow to so many. Despite succeeding the quest to avenge the unnamed knight, Balin left the devastated kingdom; he was distressed that he had caused so much havoc and sorrow. Balin was mortally wounded when the castle collapsed. When Balin witnessed the devastation he had caused he died repenting for what he had done.
Balin arrived at a castle that has a custom, where a knight-errant entering their castle, he must joust with another knight-errant from the island tower. Though Balin did not like custom, he thought they would see him as a coward if he did not joust with the other knight. As he ready himself for the coming joust, the host offered a new and better shield than the worn shield he now carried. However, a girl arrived at the castle, carrying a message for Merlin. Balin had great foreboding of what will happen.
His opponent emerged from the other tower, wearing red armour and shield, and mounted on white horse. Neither of them recognised the other knight. The two knights fought one another, long and hard.
They only stopped fighting when both knights were mortally wounded. They were both horrified and grief-stricken when they revealed their identity to one another. As Merlin and the maiden, who had given the sword to Balin, had foretold, he would regret that he had ever kept the sword that he had won. Balan, his brother, was the red knight. Each has delivered a deathblow to the brother he loved. The only thing that Balin asked from the people of the castle and tower that would bury them together.
They had both died by evening. Merlin arrived and attended the funeral of Balin and Balan. Merlin set the sword into the marble slab. Merlin then made this stone float on water. The stone would float and moved around the world until it arrived in Camelot, 22 years later. Quest of the Holy Grail. Leodegan gave the Round Table to Arthur as a wedding gift. This table could seat knights. Merlin had design the table using the Grail table as a model.
Joseph of Arimathea had designed the Grail Table to only seat 13 people. However, the 13th seat was the Perilous Seat Siege Perilous , which no one may sit on, without dying. So the Perilous Seat was left vacated. Merlin warned Arthur and the other knights that only the greatest knight in the world could sit in this deadly chair, and that knight would be the true Grail Knight.
Now the Round Table was used as dowry. Leodegan also gave Arthur a hundred worthy knights to sit at the table. Merlin and the Archbishop of Canterbury helped Arthur find the rest of the knights 49 , to fill the seats of Round Table.
The Knights of the Round Table swore oaths of fellowship. Merlin told Arthur that he required three knights to fetch the hart and the brachet, and rescued the lady.
Merlin assigned the individual quest to three knights. Gawain must seek out the white stag, while Tor, the bastard son of Pellinor, had to fetch the brachet.
Gawain angrily fought the knight in single combat, because Ablamor had killed his hounds. Though the other knight admitted defeat, Gawain refused to give mercy to the knight. Gawain killed the lady when his sword struck off her head. Gawain was upset for killing the lady. Four knights would later capture Gawain and his brother. The four knights would have killed the brothers, had Gawain not revealed his identity to the four damsels that he was the nephew of King Arthur.
They set him free and gave the hart to Gawain. When he returned to Camelot, Gawain won shame instead of glory. Guinevere and all the ladies punished Gawain. They also made him promise to always give mercy to another knight who ask for it, and that he must always give aid to any lady or damsel who ask for it.
Though King Pellinor was also successful in his quest to rescue the lady, his adventure was marred by the fact that he failed to aid a damsel weeping over a wounded knight, because he was in a hurry to complete his quest.
The damsel cursed Pellinor that one day his friend will fail him when he needed help the most. Pellinor had rescue the lady by defeating two knights: killing one and wounding the other. As Pellinor return to Camelot with the lady, he found that the damsel, he had abandoned, had killed herself in her grief.
While lions had ate part of her body. This had greatly upset Pellinor. Finally we know the identity of the lady that King Pellinor had rescued. Before the wizard left Arthur, Merlin told the king he would never return. His feeling for Niniane irritated her, but she promised she would returned his love if he would teach his magic to her. Because of his uncontrollable lust for the Lady of the Lake, he foolishly agreed, despite the warning of his vision of his own doom.
Later, Niniane wanted to return home. Merlin wanted to follow her. They took a ship where they landed in Brittany. Merlin foretold that either Lancelot or her grandson Galahad would become the greatest knight in the world. Later at the death of Ban, Niniane would later take the child away from Helen and raised the child as her own. Merlin and Niniane continued on their journey, until they arrived in the Forest of Broceliande. Merlin told Niniane that Arthur was in danger through the machination of Morgan le Fay.
Merlin wanted to save Arthur, but he knew that he would die if he go to the king. Niniane promised to protect the king if he went. Niniane then lure Merlin into a cave, where she used the magic she had learned from Merlin, sealing him in a rock.
Though she had no love for Merlin, she did love Arthur. The damsel told Arthur that he could gain freedom if he fight in single combat. This young woman was actually Morgan le Fay , disguised as an ordinary damsel. Morgan le Fay also visited Accolon who became her lover. While she gave the bogus Excalibur and scabbard to her brother. When Arthur engaged the other knight, he did not recognise Accolon. They fought until Arthur realised he had been betrayed. His sword did no damage to Accolon, while he received wounds from his enemy.
He realised his sword was counterfeit. He tried to bravely defend himself as best he can, but his shield was soon in tatter, while he received many wounds. Rather than yielding to his enemy, Arthur rushed at his enemy with what left of his shield. Niniane cast a spell, which caused Accolon to drop Excalibur to the ground. Arthur immediately seized the advantage, regaining Excalibur. Arthur then set about defeating his enemy. Accolon was mortally wounded. Arthur then discovered the identity of his opponent.
Accolon confessed that when Arthur was killed in combat, then she would murder her husband, King Urien of Gorre. Thereupon, she would marry and make Accolon, who will become king of Logres and Gorre. By night-time Accolon had died from his wound. Morgan le Fay thought her brother was dead. At night, she was going to murder her husband, while Urien was asleep. Their son, Yvain , discovered the plot against his father. Yvain rescued his father, but he would not harm his mother.
Yvain allowed his mother Morgan to escape. The next day, Morgan le Fay heard news that Arthur had survived and was now returning to Camelot, and that her lover Accolon had died. But Arthur had slept with Excalibur in his hand, so Morgan stole the magic scabbard, before fleeing. When Arthur woke and found that his sister had stolen his scabbard, he set off in pursuit. Before Arthur could catch her, she threw the scabbard into the lake.
Then she changed herself and her attendants to look like rocks. Not able to find her, Arthur was forced to continue his journey to Camelot without his magical scabbard.
Later, Morgan sent one of her damsels to her brother, in Camelot. The damsel brought to Arthur a beautiful robe, as a gift and peace offering. Arthur accepted, but Niniane , the Lady of the Lake, advised Arthur not to wear the robe.
The origins of the sword date back to Celtic mythology, but are found in British, Welsh, and Irish epics. The Welsh name for the sword was Caledvwlch. Irish stories call it Caladbolg, the fairy sword of the hero Cuchulain. In various British Arthur stories, Excalibur is often referred to as "Caliburn. There are two explanations of the way in which Arthur acquires Excalibur.
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